The search for oil
探尋石油
The deepest holes of all are made for oil, and they go down to as much as 25,000 feet. But we do not need to send men down to get the oil out, as we must with other mineral deposits. The holes are only borings, less than a foot in diameter. My particular experience is largely in oil, and the search for oil has done more to improve deep drilling than any other mining activity. When it has been decided where we are going to drill, we put up at the surface an oil derrick. It has to be tall because it is like a giant block and tackle, and we have to lower into the ground and haul out of the ground great lengths of drill pipe which are rotated by an engine at the top and are fitted with a cutting bit at the bottom. The geologist needs to know what rocks the drill has reached, so every so often a sample is obtained with a coring bit. It cuts a clean cylinder of rock, from which can be seen the strata the drill has been cutting through. Once we get down to the oil, it usually flows to the surface because great pressure, either from gas or water, is pushing it. This pressure must be under control, and we control it by means of the mud which we circulate down the drill pipe. We endeavour to avoid the old, romantic idea of a gusher, which wastes oil and gas. We want it to stay down the hole until we can lead it off in a controlled manner.
T.F.GASKELL The Search for the Earth's Minerals from Discovery
New words and expressions 生詞與短語(yǔ)
mineral
adj. 礦物的
boring
n. 鉆孔
derrick
n. 井架
block and tackle
滑輪組
haul
v. 拖，拉
rotate
v. 使轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)
cutting bit
鉆頭
geologist
n. 地質(zhì)學(xué)家
coring
取芯鉆頭
cylinder
n. 圓柱體
strata
n. 巖層[復(fù)]([單]stratum或strata [誤用])
circulate
v. 注入，環(huán)流
gusher
n. 噴油井
本文參考譯文
在所有洞穴中，為尋找石油所鉆出的洞是最深的，這些洞可深達(dá)25,000英尺。但是，我們不必像開(kāi)采其他礦藏那樣，把人送到地下去把石油取出。這些洞只不過(guò)是一些鉆孔，直徑不到1英尺。我是專門(mén)搞石油的，尋找石油比其他任何采礦業(yè)對(duì)改進(jìn)鉆探作的貢獻(xiàn)都要大。當(dāng)確定鉆孔地點(diǎn)后，我們就在那里豎起一個(gè)井架。井架必須很高，因?yàn)樗褚粋�(gè)巨型滑輪組。我們必須把很長(zhǎng)的鉆桿一節(jié)節(jié)地鉆入地下，然后再?gòu)牡叵吕鰜?lái)。鉆桿頂部安裝的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)帶動(dòng)鉆桿旋轉(zhuǎn)，它的底部裝有鉆頭。
地質(zhì)學(xué)家需要知道鉆頭已以到達(dá)什么樣的巖層，因此時(shí)常要用芯鉆頭取樣。這種鉆頭能切割一段光滑的圓柱形巖石，從中能看出所鉆透的地層。一旦到達(dá)油層，石油就會(huì)由于地下巨大的壓力流到地面上來(lái)，這種巨大的壓力來(lái)自地下天然氣或水。這種壓力必須加以控制，我們讓泥槳順著鉆桿向下循環(huán)，用這種方法來(lái)控制壓力。我們盡量避免使用陳舊天真的噴井方法，那樣會(huì)浪費(fèi)石油和天然氣。我們要讓石油留在井下，直到我們能用一種有控制的方法把它引上來(lái)為止。
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