2018年10月自考英語(yǔ)(一)第八章應(yīng)試復(fù)習(xí)資料

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2018年10月自考英語(yǔ)(一)第八章應(yīng)試復(fù)習(xí)資料

本課簡(jiǎn)介

在learned words and popular words這篇課文中，作者對(duì)學(xué)術(shù)詞匯和普通詞匯進(jìn)行了定義。講述了兩類(lèi)詞匯之間的差異，并且指出把詞分為學(xué)術(shù)的和普通的方便而且有道理。但是人們必須注意，把普通詞匯理解為屬于大眾所有的詞，而不是某個(gè)特定階層的人們所擁有的東西。學(xué)術(shù)詞匯也并非有學(xué)問(wèn)之人專(zhuān)用，只是它的存在是由于書(shū)籍和文學(xué)的培養(yǎng)而不是日常會(huì)話(huà)的實(shí)際需要。

本課主要語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)

1.In every cultivated language there are two great classes of words which， taken together， make up the whole vocabulary.

class在本句中的意思是“種類(lèi)”，相當(dāng)于type， category.

class 還常用來(lái)表示“等級(jí)”，如：a second-class hotel (二等旅館);

class 也可以用動(dòng)詞用，意思是“把 …分類(lèi);把…看作”，

make up 在本句中的意思是“組成、構(gòu)成”，

用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)則應(yīng)用be made up of，

taken together 過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)做后置定語(yǔ)，對(duì)中心詞做一些附加說(shuō)明，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，要用逗號(hào)和中心詞隔開(kāi)

2.First，there are those words with which we become familiar in ordinary conversation，which we learn，that is to say，from the members of our own family and from our friends，and which we should know and use even if we could not read or write.

句子中which引導(dǎo)的都是定語(yǔ)從句，修飾中心詞words.第一個(gè)which的前面有介詞with，這兒的with是familiar with中的介詞前置了。Familiar with 意為“熟悉”。如：Are you familiar with the man standing over there?(站在那邊的那個(gè)人你熟悉嗎?)

請(qǐng)注意familiar with 與familiar to 的區(qū)別，familiar with 的主語(yǔ)通常是人，而familiar to的主語(yǔ)通常是物。

that is to say 是插入語(yǔ)，其作用是對(duì)整個(gè)一句話(huà)進(jìn)行解釋?zhuān)?lèi)似的插入語(yǔ)還有so to speak， if I may say so， if you don't mind等等

2)The energy problem concerns us all (能源問(wèn)題關(guān)系到我們每個(gè)人)

stock的意思很多，如“存貨”，“股票”，“公債券”，“牲畜”等。

stock in trade意思是“例行工作”，“常規(guī)”，

4.Such words may be called “popular”， since they belong to the people at large and are not the possession of a limited class only.

since 在句中引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句，

at large 在本句中的意思是“整個(gè)”，這個(gè)詞組的意思還有很多，請(qǐng)看下面的句子：

1)The people at large love peace (大多數(shù)人熱愛(ài)和平)

2)The virus is still at large (這種病毒還在蔓延)

3)The murderer is still at large (殺人犯仍逍遙法外)

4)He talked at large about his plans (他詳盡地談了自己的計(jì)劃)

5)They made the arrangements at large (他們隨意地做了安排 )

5.請(qǐng)注意區(qū)別與possession 有關(guān)的兩個(gè)詞組：in possession of sth……和 in the possession of sb.

1)He is in possession of this house (他擁有這所房子)

2)The house is in the possession of him

3)On the other hand， our language includes large number of words which are relatively seldom used in ordinary conversation.

英語(yǔ)中有許多表示啟承轉(zhuǎn)合的詞語(yǔ)，閱語(yǔ)中注意這些詞有助于我們提高理解力，寫(xiě)作中注意用這些詞，有助于我們把文章寫(xiě)得連貫、有條理。On the other hand 在本句中用來(lái)表示不同或相反的語(yǔ)氣，在前一段中講了popular word 這一段中作者則要講講learned words.表示不同或相反語(yǔ)氣的詞還有很多，比如：Conversely， however， on the contrary， unlike， whereas， yet等等。

前面我們提到過(guò)number可以與可數(shù)名詞連用，而amount可與不可數(shù)名詞連用，如：

1)A large number of students have passed the exam (許多學(xué)生已經(jīng)通過(guò)了考試)

2)They paid a large amount of money for the house (他們付了一大筆錢(qián)買(mǎi)了這座房子)

6.Their meanings are known to every educated person， but there is little occasion to use them at home

occasion 通常可以做可數(shù)名詞用，意思是“時(shí)刻、場(chǎng)合”;也可以做不可數(shù)名詞用，意思是：“必要性、需要;機(jī)會(huì)”。

7.In the latter，we are using a Latin Derivation which has exactly the same meaning

在前一句中用了“in the first case，” 本句中的“in the latter ”是指in the latter case .對(duì)兩件事分別進(jìn)行表述時(shí)，可以用in the first case， in the latter case 這一類(lèi)詞，條理非常清楚，也可以用the former，the latter 來(lái)表述。derivation 是derive 的名詞形式。Latin derivation 意思是“拉丁語(yǔ)詞源的詞”

8.The terms “popular”and“learned”，as applied to words，are not absolute definitions.本句中的term意思是“術(shù)語(yǔ)、名稱(chēng)”

term 還有“期限;任期;學(xué)期”的意思，如：

During his 4-year term of office，he did a lot of things for the common people.

(在他四年的任職期間，他為普通百姓做了不少事。)

apply to 在句中的意思是“用于”，如：

1)This rule applies to upper class students only (這條規(guī)則只適用于高年級(jí)學(xué)生。)

2)I don't think what he says applies to you (我想他的話(huà)對(duì)你不適用)

apply for 則是“申請(qǐng)”的意思

9.Still the classification into “learned” and “popular” is convenient and sound .

本句中的sound是形容詞，意思是“正確的;明智的”，如：

He felt so happy that he had made a sound decision.

(做了正確的決定，他感到很高興。)

請(qǐng)看下面幾個(gè)句子，注意sound 在句中的意思：

1)He is sound in body and mind (他身心健康)

2)The house is sound .Don't hesitate to buy it (這所房了完好無(wú)損，別猶豫，買(mǎi)下它)

3)The baby is having a sound sleep.(寶寶在酣睡)

4)Father gave him a sound beating.(父親給他一頓痛打)

10.When we call a word “learned” we don't mean that it is used by learned persons alone， but simply that its presence in the English vocabulary is due to books and the cultivation of literature rather than to the actual needs of ordinary people

not (that)…but (that)。意思“不是…。而是。”如：

1)I came here again not because I enjoy the scenery so much but because I like the people .

(我又來(lái)這兒，不是因?yàn)槲叶嘞矚g這兒的景色，而是我愛(ài)這兒的人們。)

2)By calling him Shylock， I don't mean that he is named Shylock，but that he is as miserly as Shylock.

(叫他夏洛克，我不是說(shuō)他的名字叫夏洛克，而是說(shuō)他像夏洛克一樣吝嗇。)

due to 在句中的意思是“由于”，如：

1)His failure was due to carelessness (他的失敗是由于粗心。)

2)Due to lack of funds，they had to postpone the project.(由于缺少資金，他們不得不推遲計(jì)劃)

rather than 在本句的意思是“不是…而是……”，“與其……不如…”

1) He is a writer than a teacher (與其說(shuō)他是教師，不如說(shuō)他是作家。)

2)He lay rather than sit in the armchair (與其說(shuō)他是坐在扶手椅上不如說(shuō)是躺在里面。)

本課主要詞組

1.make up

2.be familiar with

3.learn from

4.belong to

5.at large

6.on the other hand

7.be knows to

8.acquaintance with

9.in a style

10.be of importance

11.in the first case

12.in the latter (case)

13.in print

14.apply to

15.come up

16.as to

17.as a whole

18.due to

19.rather than

Text B how should you build up your vocabulary?

短語(yǔ)表達(dá)

1.build up (建立;增強(qiáng);增加)

2.come across (穿過(guò)，出現(xiàn);遇到)

We are bound to come across difficulties， but we are determined to overcome them.

3.look up (查閱)

4.at top speed (以最高速度)

5.depend on (依靠;取決于)

6.make sense (有意義、講得通)

7.try doing sth(嘗試做某事)

8.come up with (提出，想出;提供)

9.lead to(導(dǎo)致)

10.after all (畢竟)

11.provide with (提供)

12.begin with (以……開(kāi)始)

本課重點(diǎn)掌握的語(yǔ)法： 分詞

分詞是一種非限定動(dòng)詞，它兼有動(dòng)詞、形容詞和副詞的特征。在句中可以擔(dān)任定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)。分詞可以分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞。

1.現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞的區(qū)別

語(yǔ)態(tài)上不同：現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)的意思，多用以描述事物對(duì)人的情感所具有的影響力或作用。過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)的意思，多用以描述人物的情感，表達(dá)外界事物對(duì)人產(chǎn)生的影響。

如：a moving film一部感動(dòng)人的影片

a moved audience受感動(dòng)的觀(guān)眾

時(shí)間上的關(guān)系：現(xiàn)在分詞表示的動(dòng)作往往正在進(jìn)行，過(guò)去分詞所表示的動(dòng)作往往已經(jīng)完成。

如：developing countries發(fā)展中國(guó)家

developed countries發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家

boiling water正在開(kāi)的水

boiled water 開(kāi)水

2.分詞作定語(yǔ)

如果是單個(gè)分詞作定語(yǔ)，放在所修飾的名詞之前。

如：I am reading a very interesting novel.我正在讀一本非常有趣的小說(shuō)。

如果分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)，通常放在所修飾的名詞之后。分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)，其作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。

如：Most of the young teachers working in this university are Ph.D.在這所大學(xué)工作的大多數(shù)年輕教師都是博士。

(=who work in this university)

Do you know the girl employed by this company? 你認(rèn)識(shí)受雇于這家公司的那個(gè)女孩嗎?

(=who is employed by this company)

注：動(dòng)名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)是有區(qū)別的。動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)，和它修飾的名詞在邏輯上沒(méi)有主謂關(guān)系，即它不是該名詞發(fā)出的動(dòng)作，只是表明所修飾名詞的目的和用途?，F(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)表示所修飾的詞與分詞有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。

如：a sleeping car= a car for sleeping臥車(chē)(動(dòng)名詞)

a sleeping boy= a boy who is sleeping睡覺(jué)的男孩(分詞)

3.分詞作表語(yǔ)

分詞作表語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于形容詞，現(xiàn)在分詞多指主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)，過(guò)去分詞說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的狀態(tài)。

如：They were completely exhausted.他們完全筋疲力盡了。

The rumors were startling. 謠言令人震驚。

注：a)分詞作表語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于形容詞。不可與構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的分詞混淆起來(lái)。他們的形式是一樣的，但可以從意義上予以區(qū)別。

如：The film is moving.這電影很感人。(分詞作表語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì))

They are moving next Sunday.他們下周日搬家。(現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，表示動(dòng)作)

The bookstore is now closed.書(shū)店現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)關(guān)閉了。(分詞作表語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)所處的狀態(tài))

The bookstore is usually closed at 7:30 p.m.書(shū)店通常在下午7：30關(guān)閉。(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，表示動(dòng)作)

b)動(dòng)名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ)的區(qū)別：動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容，而且可以轉(zhuǎn)換到句首作主語(yǔ);現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ)，表示主語(yǔ)的特征，其作用相當(dāng)于形容詞。

如：His favorite sport is running.他最喜愛(ài)的運(yùn)動(dòng)是跑步。(動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ))

可以轉(zhuǎn)換為：Running is his favorite sport.

The film is very moving.這部影片很感人。(分詞作表語(yǔ))

4.作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)

分詞可以在動(dòng)詞后面的復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。常跟分詞作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：

have, keep, get, see, hear, find, feel, make, observe, watch等等。

如：He kept the machine running for ten hours.他使機(jī)器一直運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)了十個(gè)小時(shí)。

We saw her entering the cinema.我們看見(jiàn)她進(jìn)了電影院。

注：a)動(dòng)詞have, get后面的復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中，通常由過(guò)去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，且表示的動(dòng)作往往是別人完成的。

如：We must get the television set repaired.我們必須把電視機(jī)修好。(別人修的)

I had my hair cut.我理發(fā)了。(別人給我理的)

b)現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成的復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)與不定式構(gòu)成的復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)在意義上是有差別的?，F(xiàn)在分詞表示動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生(即動(dòng)作處于發(fā)生的過(guò)程中，還沒(méi)有結(jié)束);不定式著重說(shuō)明動(dòng)作的全過(guò)程，表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生了(即動(dòng)作全過(guò)程結(jié)束了)。

如：I saw the girl getting on the bus.我看見(jiàn)她在上公共汽車(chē)。

I saw the girl get on the bus. 我看見(jiàn)她上公共汽車(chē)了。

如果賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)是一系列動(dòng)作，要用不定式。

如：I saw him enter the room, unlock a drawer, take out a document, photograph it and put it back.我看見(jiàn)他進(jìn)了房間，開(kāi)了一個(gè)抽屜的鎖，拿出一份文件，拍了照片，又把它放回。

5.分詞作狀語(yǔ)

現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)，現(xiàn)在分詞的動(dòng)作就是句子主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作，它們之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系;過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)，過(guò)去分詞表示的動(dòng)作是句子主語(yǔ)承受的動(dòng)作，它們之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。分詞作狀語(yǔ)可以表示時(shí)間、原因、方式或伴隨情況等。

時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：分詞作狀語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。可在分詞前面加when, while.

如：Walking along the street one day, she saw a little girl running up to her.有一天當(dāng)她正沿著大街向前走時(shí)，她看見(jiàn)一個(gè)女孩朝她跑了過(guò)來(lái)。

(When she was walking along the street one day)

When heated, ice will be changed into water.當(dāng)冰受熱時(shí)，它就會(huì)變成水。

(When it is heated)

原因狀語(yǔ)：相當(dāng)于表示原因的狀語(yǔ)從句

如：Having no place to go, the man wandered about in the street.由于沒(méi)有要去的地方，那個(gè)男人只好在街上徘徊。

(Because the man had no place to go)

Being ill, he didn't go to school yesterday.他由于病了，昨天沒(méi)有去上學(xué)。

(Because he was ill)

方式、伴隨情況及結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)

如：She came running back to tell us the news.她跑著回來(lái)告訴我們這個(gè)消息。(方式)

The headmaster went into the lab, followed by the foreign guests.校長(zhǎng)走進(jìn)了實(shí)驗(yàn)室，后面跟著外賓。(伴隨)

Jane fell off the bike, cutting her leg.簡(jiǎn)從自行車(chē)上摔下，劃破了腿。(結(jié)果)

條件狀語(yǔ)：前面可帶if, unless等從屬連詞，相當(dāng)于條件狀語(yǔ)從句。

如：Working hard, you will succeed.好好工作，你就會(huì)成功的。

(If you work hard)

Some metropolitan newspapers would make sizable volumes if printed in book form. 如果印成書(shū)的形式，有些大城市的報(bào)紙的銷(xiāo)量會(huì)相當(dāng)可觀(guān)。

(If they are printed in book form)

6. 獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)

當(dāng)分詞的動(dòng)作不是句子的主語(yǔ)發(fā)出的， 而是屬于主語(yǔ)以外的人或事物，這時(shí)必須在分詞前給其加一個(gè)邏輯主語(yǔ)，這種帶主語(yǔ)的分詞結(jié)構(gòu)通常稱(chēng)為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)屬于作狀語(yǔ)，用來(lái)表示條件、原因、伴隨情況等。

如：Weather permitting, we'll have an outing tomorrow.要是天氣許可的話(huà)，我們明天去郊游。(條件)

The night being dark, she was afraid to go there.天黑，她不敢去那。(原因)

The bell ringing, the children all stopped talking.鈴聲一響，孩子們都不說(shuō)話(huà)了。(時(shí)間)

The teacher came in, his hand carrying a book.老師手中拿著書(shū)進(jìn)來(lái)了。(伴隨情況)

注：a)還有一種表示伴隨情況的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)， with+名詞或代詞賓格+分詞(或形容詞、介詞短語(yǔ))

如：With everything taken into consideration, we all think this is a very good plan.每件事情都考慮到了，我們認(rèn)為這是一項(xiàng)不錯(cuò)的計(jì)劃。

She entered the train station, with a bag in her hand.她進(jìn)了車(chē)站，手中提了一個(gè)包。

He sleeps with the window open even in winter.他即使在冬天也開(kāi)著窗戶(hù)睡覺(jué)。

b) 獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中的being, having been有時(shí)可以省去。

如：The meeting (being) over, we all left the room.會(huì)議結(jié)束之后，我們都離開(kāi)了房間。

Our work ( having been)finished, we went home.我們的工作完成之后，我們都回家了。

7.分詞的否定結(jié)構(gòu)

現(xiàn)在分詞的否定式由“not+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成

如：Not knowing where to go, she wanted to the police for help.她不知道該往哪走，就去請(qǐng)警察幫助。

過(guò)去分詞表否定，常借助un-等前綴表示。

如：The boy was left uncared for.那孩子無(wú)人照管。

8.現(xiàn)在分詞的時(shí)態(tài)

現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式 doing：現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，或在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)詞之前或之后發(fā)生。

如：She sat there reading the text.她坐在那里讀課文。(同時(shí)發(fā)生)

Going into the room, he shut the door.走進(jìn)房子，他就關(guān)上了門(mén)。(分詞動(dòng)作先于謂語(yǔ)發(fā)生)

現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式 having done：表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前，通常只作狀語(yǔ)，表示時(shí)間或原因。

如：Having finished her homework, the little girl began to watch TV.做完作業(yè)后，這小女孩開(kāi)始看電視。

第二部分 鞏固練習(xí)

1.When I caught him _______ me I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop.

a. cheating b. cheat c. to cheat d. to be cheat

選a. 現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)表示動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生

2.__________, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.

a. Other things being equal b. Were other things equal c. To be equal to other things d. Other things to be equal

選a. 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

3. All things _________ the planned trip will have to be called off.

a. considered b. be considered c. considering d. having considered

選a. 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

4. All flights __________ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.

a. had been cancelled b. have been cancelled c. were cancelled d. having been cancelled

選d. 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

5.I have heard both teachers and students _____ well of him.

a. speak b. to speak c. spoken d. to have spoken

選a. 省略to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)，表示的是動(dòng)作發(fā)生了。

6.This crop has similar qualities to the previous one, __________ both wind-resistant and adapted to the same type of soil.

a. been b. to be c being d. having been

選c.現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)

7.The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience_______ on benches, chairs or boxes.

a. having seated b. seating c. having been seated d. seated

選d. seat只能用過(guò)去分詞的形式表示使就坐。

8.You will see this product ______ wherever you go.

a. to be advertised b. advertised c. advertise d. advertising

選b.過(guò)去分詞作賓補(bǔ)

9.He wasn't appointed chairman of the committee, ________ not very popular with all its members.

a. to be considered b. considering c. being considered d. having considered

選c.分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)

10.Professor Wang, __________ for his informative lectures, was warmly received by his students.

a. knowing b. known c. to be known d having known

選b. 過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)