2018年10月自考英語(一)第七章應(yīng)試復(fù)習(xí)資料

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2018年10月自考英語(一)第七章應(yīng)試復(fù)習(xí)資料

本課簡(jiǎn)介

技術(shù)是否也是一把雙刃劍，在給人們帶來幫助的同時(shí)也帶來了弊端?本課通過衛(wèi)星通訊的利弊昭示人們“明智”地運(yùn)用技術(shù)才能使我們走向成功。

衛(wèi)星、計(jì)算機(jī)和電視的三結(jié)合改變了人們的生活。衛(wèi)星被用來傳送電視節(jié)目、電話和印刷材料;衛(wèi)星被用于遠(yuǎn)程教育，使邊遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)的人們通過“空中教室”接受教育;衛(wèi)星被用來幫助生活在交通不便的偏僻地區(qū)的人們;衛(wèi)星使世界各地的人們便捷地獲取信息。然而侵犯隱私、使人與人之間疏于接觸交流等弊端也應(yīng)引起關(guān)注。

本課主要語言點(diǎn)

1.At the beginning of the twentieth century， there were four powerful means of transmitting and receiving information over long distances：…

本句中的beginning 是一個(gè)名詞，意思是“開始，開端”。如：

means在本句中的意思是“方法;工具”

by all means 盡一切辦法

live within/beyond one's means 量入(不量入)為出

a means to an end 達(dá)到目的的方法

by some means or other 用某種方法

2.By the middle of the century， both radio and television had become established means of transmitting sounds and pictures.

句中所用的過去完成時(shí)，表示過去某時(shí)前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況。該動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成，或者可能延續(xù)下去。用by引起的時(shí)間狀語常與過去完成時(shí)連用。例如：

1)By the end of last June， they had visited 15 countries. (到去年六月底為止他們已經(jīng)訪問了15個(gè)國家。)

2)By the end of last year Henry had collected 1500 butterfly specimens. (到去年年底，亨利已經(jīng)采集了一千五百多個(gè)蝴蝶標(biāo)本。)

established在句中做形容詞，意思是“常規(guī)的”。這個(gè)詞還可解釋為“(被)設(shè)立的;確認(rèn)的;既定的;公認(rèn)的”。例如：

1)a newly established organization (新設(shè)的組織)

2)the established principles of international law (公認(rèn)的國際法準(zhǔn)則)

3)an established fact (既成事實(shí))

4)an established custom (常規(guī))

3.In order to transmit an event such as the Olympics Via satellite， television signals are first changed into radio waves，which are then sent from a station on earth to an orbiting satellite.

such as的后面既可以跟名詞也可以跟從句，意為“諸如…之類的”;“例如”或“像…這樣的人或事物”

which引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)非限定性的定語從句。非限定性定語從句在修飾人時(shí)用who， whom或whose， 在修飾物時(shí)用which.非限定性定語從句常用逗號(hào)與主句分開

非限定性定語從句也可用關(guān)系副詞where或when來引導(dǎo)。非限定性定語從句的先行詞可以是一個(gè)詞，也可以是前面主句中的一個(gè)短語、從句或前面整個(gè)句子，通常用關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)。

4.In theory， every person will have access to an unlimited amount of information.

in theory意為“從理論上來說;在理論上”，與其意思相反的詞組是in practice (在實(shí)踐中;實(shí)際上)。

have access to是一個(gè)很常用的詞組，意為“可接近，可進(jìn)入”，to是介詞，動(dòng)詞have也可用其他詞替換。如get，gain，give，win等。

information是一個(gè)不可數(shù)名詞，后面不可以加s，許多信息可以用a lot of information， a large amount of information， much information等表達(dá)。一條信息可以表達(dá)為a piece of information.

amount通常用在不可數(shù)名詞前面，如the amount of money; a considerable amount of prejudice (相當(dāng)大的偏見)。在復(fù)數(shù)名詞前面可用number，如the number of mistakes; the number of students

5.The satellite also demonstrated how it could provide help to people living in isolated areas where transportation is difficult.

how引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)賓語從句。我們很熟悉的是that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，而且that常?？梢允÷?。如：We must remember (that)things are easier said than done. (我們必須記住事情都是說起來容易，做起來難。)

用連接代詞或副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句我們也應(yīng)弄清楚。

provide是一個(gè)常用單詞，通常可以有如下用法：provide sth. to/for sb.; provide sb. with sth.; provide sb. sth.;provide that…，在前一個(gè)單元中，我們已對(duì)provide一詞有過講解

6.He was then able to follow the doctor's instructions on how to care for the patient.

句子中的on意思為“關(guān)于;有關(guān)”，可用about替換

care of 在句子中的意思是“照顧”，可用attend; look after替換。

care for 還可以解釋為“擔(dān)心”，“介意”，“愿意”，可用about替換for.

1)He doesn't care about/for his clothes. (他不講究衣著。)

2)The old lady cared much for her daughter's safety. (老太太非常為女兒的安全擔(dān)心。

7.The most common use of telecommunication satellites，however，has been for transmitting telephone calls.however

在本句中做副詞用，意思相當(dāng)于but.但是however和but在用法上是有差異的。however不放在句首或句末時(shí)，前后通常都加逗號(hào)，而but則不用。請(qǐng)看例句：

1)It is not，however， the only answer to the question. (然而，這不是問題的唯一答案。)

2)I am sorry，but I won't be able to come this time. (很報(bào)歉，我這次不能來了。)

8. Telecommunication can make information from around the world available to use quickly and easily， but some people worry that this may be a risk to our privacy.

available是一個(gè)形容詞，意思是“可得到的;可用的;有效的”。

1)I am sorry those shoes are not available in your size. (很報(bào)歉，那些鞋沒你的尺碼。)

2)If I am not available when you call， leave a message. (你打電話來時(shí)如果我不在，請(qǐng)留個(gè)言。)

9.We can prevent this from happening by carefully controlling the new technology.

prevent…from…意思為“阻止…發(fā)生”，也可用stop…from…或keep…from.From在前兩個(gè)短語中可被省去。

Nothing can prevent him (from)going there.(什么也阻止不了他去那兒。)

本課主要詞組及語法要點(diǎn)

詞組：

1. at the beginning of 2.means of

3. over long distance 4. by the middle of

5. such as 6. change into

7. from…to… 8. be capable of

9. not only…but… 10.in theory

11. have access to 12.amount of

13. provide…to… 14.follow sb's instructions

15. care for 16. as well as

17. at the same time 18. make…available

19. pay for 20.isolate…from…

語法：

1.過去完成時(shí)

1)…both radio and television had be come established means of transmitting sounds and pictures.

2. 非限定性定語從句

1)…radio waves， which are then sent from a station on earth to an orbiting satellite.

2)…back to earth， where another station picks them up and changes them back into television signals.

3)The combination of satellites，which transmit information，computers，which store information，and television，which displays information，will change every home into an education and entertainment center.

2. 賓語從句

1)We must remember that technology alone is not the answer.

2)The satellite also demonstrated how it could provide help to people living in isolated areas…。

3. 注意such as，as well as，as的用法

1)In order to transmit an event such as the Olympics via satellite， …

2)…printed materials such as books and magazines.

3)…as well as get any information they need， …

4)As one telecommunication expert days， …

Text B What People Don't Know about Air

短語表達(dá)

1. without

We couldn't have finished the work so soon without your help.

2. adv. + past participle

It is widely known that the earth goes around the sun.

It is generally believed that the earth is getting hotter.

3. where

Where there is a will，there is a way.

4. be forced to

They were forced to work 14 hours a day.

5. shelter v.& n.

Mother tried to shelter her from the blow of the tragic news.

You have to find shelter from the blazing sun.

6. protect from

She had his umbrella to protect her from the sun.

7. deadly adj.

A drop of this poison might be deadly to man.

8. burst

As he braked a tire burst.

Everybody in the room burst out laughing.

The little girl burst into tears.

9. rest upon

His arm rested upon the table.

The task rested upon my shoulder.

His eyes rested upon a strange object.

10. gaze at

He was standing at the window， gazing at the street.

11. not…until

He didn't go out to play until he finished his homework.

12. in the meantime

13. pay attention to

Please pay more attention to your spelling next time.

14. add to

If you praise others more often， you can add great happiness to their life.

What he said just now added to my confusion.

本課主要語法點(diǎn)：動(dòng)詞不定式

在句子中，不能作謂語，而是擔(dān)任其他語法功能的動(dòng)詞，叫做非謂語動(dòng)詞。非謂語動(dòng)詞包括動(dòng)詞不定式，分詞和動(dòng)名詞。

1.不定式的語法功能：不定式具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征，因此他在句中可以作主語、表語、賓語、賓補(bǔ)、定語和狀語。

1)作主語

如：To speak English well is not an easy job.說好英語不是一件容易的事情。

動(dòng)詞不定式作主語時(shí)，為了保持句子的平衡，往往用it作形式主語，而把不定式短語放在謂語動(dòng)詞之后。

如：It is important to master English grammar.掌握英語的語法是重要的。

2)作表語

如：Our plan is to set up another middle school for the children.我們的計(jì)劃是為孩子們?cè)俳ㄒ凰鶎W(xué)校。

His ambition is to become a successful scientist.他的抱負(fù)是要成為一名成功的科學(xué)家。

3)作賓語

如：They decided to change their mind. 他們決定改變主意。

I can't afford to live in a detached house.我住不起獨(dú)門獨(dú)院的房子。

注：a)不定式短語作賓語時(shí)，如果還有賓語補(bǔ)足語，往往把不定式短語放在賓語補(bǔ)足語后面，而用it作形式賓語。

如：I find it interesting to study English.我覺得學(xué)英語很有趣。

b)動(dòng)詞不定式也可以作某些形容詞短語的賓語。這些形容詞有：ready, eager, anxious, able, sure, glad, afraid, pleased等。

如：They are anxious to learn how to swim.他們渴望學(xué)會(huì)游泳。

c)動(dòng)詞不定式一般不作介詞的賓語，但是不定式之前如有疑問詞，就可以作介詞的賓語。

如：Professor Wang gave some advice on how to learn a foreign language.王教授給了一些如何學(xué)習(xí)外語的建議。

d) 有些動(dòng)詞可以跟疑問詞+不定式作賓語

如：I don't know what to do next.我不知道下一步該做什么。

4)作賓語補(bǔ)足語

動(dòng)詞不定式可用作復(fù)合賓語中的賓語補(bǔ)足語。

如：My English teacher advised me to buy a better dictionary. 我的英語老師建議我買一本好的詞典。

注：在feel, hear, listen to, look at, observe, see, watch, make, have, let等動(dòng)詞后面，復(fù)合賓語中動(dòng)詞不定式的標(biāo)記to通常被省略。動(dòng)詞help后面的to可以省略也可以保留。

如：I saw her enter the cinema.我看見她進(jìn)了電影院。

We must have someone repair the computer.我們必須讓人來修這臺(tái)電腦。

He helps the little girl (to) finish her homework everyday.他每天都幫助這個(gè)小女孩完成她的家庭作業(yè)。

5)作定語

動(dòng)詞不定式作定語放在所修飾的名詞或代詞之后。

如：Her desire to win was apparent.她的求勝愿望顯而易見。

She was the only one to get a scholarship.她是唯一得到獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金的人。

注：a)作定語的不定式如果是不及物動(dòng)詞，或者不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動(dòng)作的地點(diǎn)、工具， 不定式后面須加相應(yīng)的介詞。

如：She is looking for a room to live in.她在尋找一間房子住。(live是不及物動(dòng)詞，后面加相應(yīng)的介詞)

I need a pen to write with.我需要一支筆寫字。(pen是write動(dòng)作的工具，在write后面加介詞)

但是如果不定式修飾的名詞是time, place或way, 不定式后面的介詞習(xí)慣上省去。

如：He had no place to live.他沒有居住的地方。

That's no way to talk.不應(yīng)這樣談話。

b)在there+be這一句型中，動(dòng)詞不定式作定語時(shí)可能出現(xiàn)動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)式，其含義和主動(dòng)式基本相同。

如：There are many books to read/ to be read.有好多書要讀。

但是當(dāng)說話人考慮的是必須有人去完成某件事情時(shí)，不定式用主動(dòng)形式，如果說話人強(qiáng)調(diào)的是事情本身必須完成，則用被動(dòng)式。

如：There's nothing to do.意為無事可做，感到無聊。

There's nothing to be done.意為某東西壞了，無法使之恢復(fù)正常。

c)被only, last, next，序數(shù)詞，最高級(jí)修飾的名詞常用不定式作定語。

如：The next train to arrive is from New York.下一列到達(dá)的火車是從紐約開來的。

Clint was the only person to survive the air crash. Clint 是這次空難事故中唯一的幸存者。

6)作狀語

a)動(dòng)詞不定式作目的狀語：

如：He went to America to learn English.他去美國學(xué)習(xí)英語。

為了強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)詞不定式所表示的目的時(shí)，動(dòng)詞不定式可以用in order to或so as to.

如：She reads China Daily every day in order to/so as to improve her English.她每天讀《中國日?qǐng)?bào)》提高她的英語水平。

in order to 為于句首或句中均可，so as to不能為于句首。

b)動(dòng)詞不定式作結(jié)果狀語：

不定式作結(jié)果狀語時(shí)，往往僅限于幾個(gè)具有終止含義的動(dòng)詞，learn(得知),find(發(fā)現(xiàn))，see(看見)，hear(聽見)等。

如：He retuned home to learn his son had gone to the countryside.他回家后才知道他的兒子已去了鄉(xiāng)下。

不定式用在too…to和enough結(jié)構(gòu)中表示結(jié)果

如：He is old enough to join the army.他夠參軍的年齡了。

He is too short to reach the top of the shelf.他太矮了，夠不著書架的頂層。

某些形容詞如：anxious, delighted, easy, kind, pleased, ready, willing 等，在too…to結(jié)構(gòu)中，沒有否定的含義，而是表示肯定。

如：He is too ready to find fault.他老是愛挑毛病。

在not, only, all, never, but等后的too…to結(jié)構(gòu)，too的含義為very,不定式?jīng)]有否定含義。

如：It is never too late to learn.活到老，學(xué)到老。

動(dòng)詞不定式和only連用時(shí)，表示未預(yù)料到的結(jié)果。

如：He went to the station hurriedly only to find the train had left.他匆匆地趕到車站，卻發(fā)現(xiàn)火車已經(jīng)離開了。

2.動(dòng)詞不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)

動(dòng)詞不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)for+名詞或代詞賓格+動(dòng)詞不定式，在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，for后面的名詞或代詞是不定式的邏輯主語。

如：It is necessary for us to learn from each other.我們必須互相學(xué)習(xí)。(不定式作主語)

What we want is for you to understand the matter clearly.我們所希望的是你更清楚地了解這件事。(不定式作表語)

We consider it necessary for him to do the job alone.我們認(rèn)為很有必要他獨(dú)自做那項(xiàng)工作。(不定式作賓語)

There is a lot work for us to do.有很多工作要我們?nèi)プ觥?不定式作定語)

The text is too long for us to learn by heart.課文太長，我們背不下來。(不定式作狀語)

注：有些表示人或事物性質(zhì)、特征的形容詞的不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)是of+名詞或代詞賓格+動(dòng)詞不定式

如： It is very kind of you to help him every day.每天幫助他，你真好。

It is brave of you to do that.你那樣做真勇敢。

3.疑問詞what, who, which, when, where, how和連接詞whether之后，可以跟帶to的不定式，構(gòu)成一個(gè)特殊的動(dòng)詞不定式短語，可以在句中作主語，賓語和表語。

如：How to solve the problem is very important.如何解決這個(gè)問題是很重要的。(主語)

He didn't know what to say. 他不知道該怎么說。(賓語)

The question is where to find the source of water.問題是在什么地方能找到水源。(表語)

4.不帶to的不定式

1)在feel, hear, listen to, look at, notice, observe, see, watch, let, have等動(dòng)詞后面，動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語，動(dòng)詞不定式符號(hào)to通常省略。

2)在would rather…than, would sooner…than, rather than, had better等結(jié)構(gòu)中

如：I would rather go than stay.我寧愿走不愿意留下。

He insisted on going back to his work rather than stay in hospital.他堅(jiān)持要返回到工作崗位，而不再住院。

3)在以why引導(dǎo)的疑問句中不帶to。

如：Why spend such a lot of money? 為什么花那么多錢?

4)在cannot but, cannot choose, cannot help but之后的不定式不帶to.

如：I cannot but admire his courage. 我不得不欽佩他的勇氣。

5) 不定式動(dòng)詞在介詞but, except, besides后面時(shí)，如果這些介詞之前有行為動(dòng)詞do的各種形式，那么，這些介詞后面的不定式不帶to, 否則要帶to。

如：The boy would do nothing but cry.這個(gè)男孩只是哭。

I have no choice but to accept the fact.除了接受這個(gè)事實(shí)之外，我別無選擇。

6)某些習(xí)語中，如：make believe(假裝)，let go (放開，釋放)，hear say(據(jù)說)，go hang (

忘卻)等。

如：The children are making believe that they are princes and princesses.孩子假裝他們是王子和公主。

7)兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞不定式由and, or 或than連接在一起，為了避免重復(fù)，第二個(gè)動(dòng)詞不定式可以省去。

如：I'd like to lie down and go to sleep.我想躺下睡覺。

但是如果是兩者的對(duì)照，后面的不定式不省to.

如：It is better to laugh than to cry. 笑比哭好。

第二部分 鞏固練習(xí)

用括號(hào)中動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空

1.The boy was made ___________ (sing) the song once again.

填to sing. 在make后面，不定式作主語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)應(yīng)該加上不定式符號(hào)to

2.Don't make children _________ (work) too hard.

填work. make后面的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語的時(shí)候，省略不定式符號(hào)to

3.They would rather _____ (die) than _________ (surrender).

填 die, surrender。would rather 后面不用to

4.He could not choose but ___________ (love) her.

填love. could not choose but后面之后的不定式不帶to

5.She could do nothing but _________ (change ) her name under the circumstances.

填change. 不定式動(dòng)詞在介詞but后面時(shí)，如果這些介詞之前有行為動(dòng)詞do的各種形式，那么，這些介詞后面的不定式不帶to, 否則要帶to

6.He had his son _________ (play)the violin three hours a day.

填play. have 后面的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語，要省略to

7.There was nothing to do except _________ (escape).

填escape. 不定式動(dòng)詞在介詞except后面時(shí)，如果這些介詞之前有行為動(dòng)詞do的各種形式，那么，這些介詞后面的不定式不帶to, 否則要帶to

8.He has not alternative but ________ (go ) and ask his sister for help.

填 to go. 不定式動(dòng)詞在介詞but后面時(shí)，如果這些介詞之前有行為動(dòng)詞do的各種形式，那么，這些介詞后面的不定式不帶to, 否則要帶to

9.What can you see in the park?

I can see birds ________ (fly ) in the sky and sometimes I can see people _______ (do) shadowboxing.

填 fly/ do 感官動(dòng)詞see后面的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語的時(shí)候，省略to