2014年成人高考高起點(diǎn)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法歸納:代詞三
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代詞(三)
內(nèi) 容 提 要
代詞分人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、不定代詞、指示代詞、關(guān)系代詞和連接代詞,它們?cè)诰渥又谐袚?dān)不同的功用。
不 定 代 詞
一、“every”(每一個(gè))只作為定語(yǔ)使用,即必須在其后加上單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞構(gòu)成名詞短語(yǔ),它不可與everyone(每一個(gè))混淆。 everyone相當(dāng)于名詞,它不可修飾其他名詞,只作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)
1) Every [A] knows that hospitals are institutions where the sick are treated, but how many [B] realize that they were once [C] homes for the indigent and the friendless [D] ?
2) Everyone [A] child in the United States must [B] receive [C] some form of educational instruction [D] .
例題解析
1) A錯(cuò)。every不可單獨(dú)充當(dāng)句子成分,應(yīng)在其后加上person或改為everyone.
2) A錯(cuò)。改為Every,修飾child.
二、“much”和“many”分別修飾不可數(shù)名詞和可數(shù)名詞,可作為代詞(如much of)和形容詞使用
3) Food seasoning plays an important [A] role in the cooking [B] customs of much [C] cultures in [D] the world.
4) The general sales tax has been [A] a major source of income for state governments, much [B] of which derive more than half [C] of their budgets from [D] it.
5) Data received from [A] two spacecraft indicate that there is many evidence [B] that huge thunderstorms are now occurring [C] around the equator [D] of the planet Saturn.
例題解析
3) C錯(cuò)。應(yīng)改為of many,因?yàn)楸恍揎椩~cultures為可數(shù)名詞,故其修飾語(yǔ)應(yīng)用many,而much要修飾不可數(shù)名詞。
4) B錯(cuò)。應(yīng)改用many,因此處所指代的是可數(shù)名詞governments(復(fù)數(shù)),many在本句中為代詞,作非限定性定語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)。
5) B錯(cuò)。應(yīng)改為much evidence,因?yàn)閑vidence(證據(jù),跡象)為不可數(shù)名詞,故應(yīng)用much來修飾。
三、 “some”和“any”是表示不定數(shù)量的代詞,相當(dāng)于漢語(yǔ)的“一些”,作定語(yǔ)可修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞,其中some(包括它的合成詞something,someone, somebody)多用于肯定句,而any(包括它的合成詞anything, anyone, anybody)則用于疑問句和否定句中,其中any在否定句中相當(dāng)于漢語(yǔ)中的“任何”;形容詞修飾something, someone, somebody, anything, anyone, anybody, nothing, nobody時(shí),形容詞要放在這些詞的后邊
6) Historians [A] have never reached some general [B] agreement about [C] the precise causes of the [D] Civil War in the United States.
例題解析
6) B錯(cuò)。應(yīng)為any general,因?yàn)楸揪錇榉穸ň?否定副詞never),應(yīng)該用any,此處表示“(沒有達(dá)成過) 任何共識(shí)”。
四、“another”和“other”分別表示“另外的一個(gè)”(an+other)和“另外的”“其余的”意思,可以用作定語(yǔ)修飾名詞或單獨(dú)作主語(yǔ)與賓語(yǔ),其中前者只用來修飾或指代單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,后者修飾單復(fù)數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞,二者不能相互混淆
7) Lizards lack [A] the built?in body temperature control [B] many another [C] creatures possess [D] .
8) Some bacterium are extremely [A] harmful, but anothers [B] are regularly [C] used in producing cheeses, crackers, and many other foods [D] .
9) Like [A] most another [B] art forms, the Greek tragedy had [C] its origins in religious [D] observances.
例題解析
7) C錯(cuò)。應(yīng)改用other來修飾可數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)名詞creatures.本句是一個(gè)省略了關(guān)系代詞that(或which)的定語(yǔ)從句,control為名詞作主句中及物動(dòng)詞(謂語(yǔ))lack的賓語(yǔ),同時(shí)又受其后面定語(yǔ)從句的修飾。
8) B錯(cuò)。 改為others.
9) B錯(cuò)。 改為other.
五、one與other “one”作為代詞代替前面提到的人或物,它前邊加the; “other”作代詞修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞。 “one…another”表示“一個(gè)…另一個(gè)”的意思,或表示多個(gè)(三者以上)之中的“另一個(gè)”,“又一個(gè)”; “one…the other”表示兩者之中剩下的“另一個(gè),又一個(gè)”
10) I'd like to [A] buy a coat similar [B] to one [C] you are wearing [D] .
11) Though [A] Art Tatum was totally blind in one eye and had only slight [B] vision in another [C] , he became [D] an internationally renowned jazz musician.
例題解析
10) C錯(cuò)。改為to the one.
11) C錯(cuò)。應(yīng)用the other,因?yàn)榇颂幈硎緝烧咧械牧硪粋€(gè),Art Tatum為人的名字,他只有兩只眼睛,故提到“另一只”時(shí)應(yīng)用the other.
六、 “few”和“l(fā)ittle”兩者分別為“many”和“much”的反義詞,表示“少,很少”的意思,有否定含義,即等于“幾乎沒有”,如若表示肯定的含義,則應(yīng)在little和few前加不定冠詞“a”,即變?yōu)椤癮 few”和“a little”
12) Because they are generally [A] taken simply to obtain a recognizable [B] and relatively clear [C] image, most non?prefessional photographs demand few [D] equipment.
例題解析
12) D錯(cuò)。應(yīng)改用little,因?yàn)閑quipment為不可數(shù)名詞,故其修飾語(yǔ)應(yīng)用little,few后面只接可數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)名詞。
七、 “a great deal (of)” (大量)只作為限定語(yǔ)修飾不可數(shù)名詞或在句中指代不可數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)
13) of gift?giving, barter, buying and selling goes on among the Narvjos.
[A] A great deal [B] A great many [C] Much greater [D] Many
例題解析
13) A為正確答案??瞻缀鬄椴豢蓴?shù)名詞“gift?giving, barter, buying”,“[B] A great amny”和“[D] Many”修飾可數(shù)名詞,而“[C] Much greater”本身是形容詞,空檔后不應(yīng)有“of”, 所以填“[A] A great deal of”。
八、“nothing but”表示“只不過,就是,只有”
He is nothing but a singer. 他只不過是個(gè)唱歌的。
Nothing but a miracle can save us. 只有奇跡才能救我們。
九、“anything but” 表示“根本不,并不”
She is anything but beautiful. 她并不美。
John is anything but a liar. 約翰決不是個(gè)騙子。
十、“something of” 表示“略有”
He has seen something of life. 他略有閱歷。
I'm something of a cook. 我略懂烹飪。
(試比較)
He is not much of a scholar. 他算不上個(gè)很好(高明)的學(xué)者。
十一、“none other than”表示“就是”
The new arrival was none other than the President. 剛到的那人就是總統(tǒng)本人。
我們要注意none other than 與 other than 的區(qū)別,后者表示“與……不同”
I do not wish him other than he is. 我不希望他改變現(xiàn)狀。
The truth is quite other than what we think. 事實(shí)與我們所想的不一樣。
十二、“none”有時(shí)可作副詞,表示“一點(diǎn)也不”
We did the work none too well. 我們活干得一點(diǎn)也不好。
十三、nowhere可用以成語(yǔ):be nowhere一無所得,一事無成;get nowhere一事無成,nowhere near離……很遠(yuǎn)。
十四、有些不定代詞同時(shí)也是形容詞,或有其他的含義
He is all attention, and she is all eyes. 他十分留意,她也注意力集中。
Everybody who is anybody (somebody) at all will be at the dance.
[句中的“anybody(somebody)”在此當(dāng)“大人物,重要人物”講。]
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