職稱英語時(shí) 、體、態(tài)精講

    在英語中，時(shí)態(tài)是英語語法中的難點(diǎn)之一，它種類多，容易混淆，下面結(jié)合前面學(xué)過的九大句型通過例句說明，并做時(shí)態(tài)比較，幫助英語學(xué)習(xí)者理解和掌握時(shí)態(tài)的用法。

    一．何謂時(shí)、體、態(tài)

    所謂時(shí)是指動作或狀態(tài)所處的時(shí)間。分為過去、現(xiàn)在和將來。以下以我們前面講過的十大簡單句型為主線，系統(tǒng)講解。進(jìn)而對此有更深的理解。例：

    1．主語+系動詞+表語

    1）. Tom is a college student.
    Tom was a college student.
    Tom will be a college student.

    2 ）It is sunny today.
    It was sunny yesterday.
    It will be sunny tomorrow.

    2. S +V+O 主語+謂語+賓語
    Tom studies English now.
    Tom studied English years ago.
    Tom will study English.

    3. S+V 主語+謂語
    Tom studies hard.
    Tom studied hard before.
    Tom will study hard in the future.

    4. S+V+Oi+Od 主語+謂語+間接賓語+ 直接賓語
    Tom gives me a book.
    Tom gave me a book.
    Tom will give me a book.

    5. S+V+O+S 主語+謂語（動詞）+賓語+補(bǔ)語
    Tom makes me sad.
    Tom made me sad.
    Tom will make me sad.

    6. S+have+O 主語 +have+ 賓語
    Tom has many friends.
    Tom had many friends.
    Tom will have many friends.

    7. “there + be …”句型
    There are some books on the shelf.
    There were some books on the shelf.
    There will be some books on the shelf.

    8. 比較句型

   1) A …than + B （比較級）
   Tom is taller than sally.
   Tom was taller than sally.
   Tom will be taller than sally.
   Tom works harder than sally.
   Tom worked hard than sally.
   Tom will work hader than sally.

   2) as…as… （原級比較）
   Tom is as tall as sally.
   Tom was as tall as sally.
   Tom will be as tall as sally.
   Tom works as hard as sally.
   Tom worked as hard as sally.
   Tom will work as hard as sally.

    9． “It is + adj形容詞 + to do /從句”
    It is important to learn English grammar.
    It was important to learn Russin grammar.
    It will be important to learn Russin grammar.
    It is important that we learn English.
    It was important that we learnt Russin grammar.
    It will be important that we learn Russin grammar

    所謂“體”，是指動作在過去、現(xiàn)在和將來三個(gè)不同時(shí)間所處的狀態(tài)。即：常態(tài)、進(jìn)行或完成。那么就有了過去、現(xiàn)在和將來的常態(tài)、過去、現(xiàn)在和將來的進(jìn)行、過去、現(xiàn)在和將來的完成。注意，“體”所表達(dá)的主要是對動作的描述，就“主―系―表”結(jié)構(gòu)而言，因?yàn)橹挥脕肀磉_(dá)靜態(tài)的事物，所以不存在進(jìn)行和完成的問題。我們通過以上例句做進(jìn)一步的說明：

    1．  主語+系動詞+表語

    1）. Tom is a college student.
    Tom was a college student.
    Tom has a college student.

    2 ）It is sunny today.
    It was sunny yesterday.
    It has sunny .

    2. S +V+O 主語+謂語+賓語
    Tom studies English now.
    Tom is studying English now.
    Tom was studying English at 8:00 yesterday..
    Tom has studied English.

    3. S+V 主語+謂語
    Tom studies hard.
    Tom is studiying hard.
    Tom was studying hard before.
    Tom has studied hard

    4. S+V+Oi+Od 主語+謂語+間接賓語+ 直接賓語
    Tom gives me a book.
    Tom is giving me a book.
    Tom was giving me a book at that time.
    Tom gave me a book.
    Tom has given me a book.

    5. S+V+O+S 主語+謂語（動詞）+賓語+補(bǔ)語
    Tom makes me sad.
    Tom made me sad.
    Tom is making me sad
    Tom has made me sad.

    6. S+have+O (主語 +have+ 賓語)
    Tom has many friends.
    Tom had many friends.
    Tom has had many friends.

    所謂“態(tài)”，是指主被動關(guān)系。即動作的執(zhí)行者和接受者哪個(gè)位于動作的前面，動作的執(zhí)行者位于動作的前面，就構(gòu)成主動關(guān)系。也就是我們前面舉的例子。若動作的接受者位于動作的前面，則構(gòu)成被動態(tài)。出現(xiàn)這樣不同的語態(tài)，是由于表達(dá)和強(qiáng)調(diào)的需要，或沒必要指明動作的執(zhí)行者。請看例句及語態(tài)的變化形式：

    一般過去時(shí)中的)被動語態(tài)
    被動語態(tài)與主動語態(tài)在使用上的區(qū)別。   
    a 。  
    讀一讀這兩個(gè)問題并回答。
    Who built this bridge?誰修建的這座橋?
    Prisoners of war built this bridge in l942．戰(zhàn)俘于1942年建的這座橋。
    When was this bridge built? 橋是什么時(shí)候建的?
    This bridge was built in l942．橋是1942年建的。
  
    在第一個(gè)問題中我們想知道是誰建了這座橋，在第二個(gè)問題中我們想弄清有關(guān)橋的一些情況。因此，第一句使用了主動語態(tài)，第二句運(yùn)用了被動語態(tài)。    •
   我們也可以講清是什么人修建的這座橋，用“by十動作執(zhí)行者”的結(jié)構(gòu)來表示，我們可以說：    ，This bridge was built by prisoners of war in 1942．這座橋是戰(zhàn)俘于1942年修建的。
   b 。
      仔細(xì)地閱讀以下幾對句子，每對中的第一句話告訴我們‘個(gè)人(回答“誰”)，第二句話告訴我們一件事(回答“什么”或“哪一個(gè)”)。  
    Workmen are building a new road outside my house．(Who)工人們正在我的房子外面修一條新路。
    A new road is being built outside my house．(則，砒)我的房子外面有一條新路在建設(shè)之中。
    The newsagent delivers our papers every moming．(Who)每天上午送報(bào)人來送我們的報(bào)紙。   
    Our papers are delivered every morning．(What)我們的報(bào)紙每天上午送到。
    The postman delivered a letter this morning．(Who)今天上午郵遞員送來了一封信。
A letter was delivered this morning．(what)今天上午來了一封信。 
 
    二． 時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成規(guī)律

    英語通過對動詞形式的變化來構(gòu)成不同的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)。主要是使用be和have作為標(biāo)識，其構(gòu)成是有規(guī)律的。Be的作用是用來構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時(shí)和被動語態(tài)。Have 用來構(gòu)成完成時(shí)。兩者合起來與動詞可構(gòu)成完成時(shí)的被動語態(tài)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)?？蠢洌ㄒ詗ork, follow為例）：

    1）be：
    They are working.(現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行)
    They were working.（過去進(jìn)行）
        They will be working.（將來進(jìn)行）
    They are followed. （現(xiàn)在的被動）
    They are being followed.（現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行的被動）
    They were being followed.（過去進(jìn)行的被動）
    They will be being followed.（將來進(jìn)行的被動）

    2) have
    They have worked.（現(xiàn)在完成）
    They had worked.  （過去完成）
    They will have work.（將來完成）

    3) have + be:
    They have been working.（現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行）
    They had been working.  （過去完成進(jìn)行）
    They will have been working.（將來完成進(jìn)行）
    The work has been done.   （現(xiàn)在完成被動）
    The work had been done.    （過去完成被動）
    The work will have been done. （將來完成被動）
    The work has been being done. (現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行的被動)
    The work had been being done （過去完成進(jìn)行的被動）
 
    三．時(shí)態(tài)的比較

    1．一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

    (1)I come from Shanghai．(上海人)
    I have come from Shanghai．(從上海來)

    (2)You read very well．(強(qiáng)調(diào)能力)
    You've read very well．(強(qiáng)調(diào)一次剛完成的動作)

    (3)  I forget．(一時(shí)想不起來了)
      I have forgotten．(仍沒想起來，可能已回憶起來了)

   (4)  The book is written in simple English．(表狀態(tài))
      The book has been written in simple English．(表動態(tài)，已用英語寫成)

   (5) Every time I see him，he's been reading．(兩個(gè)動作不可能同時(shí)進(jìn)行)．
      Every time l have seen him，he's been reading．(強(qiáng)調(diào)兩個(gè)動作同時(shí)進(jìn)行)

   (6) He is gone．(強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài))He has gone．(強(qiáng)調(diào)動作和時(shí)間)

   (7) He won't come till the play begins．(演出開始時(shí))
      He won't come till the play has begun．(戲已開始)

   (8)AfterI leave school，I'11 go to college．(兩個(gè)動作緊密相接)
      After l have left school，I'll go to college．(強(qiáng)調(diào)畢業(yè)后，兩個(gè)動作可能有間隔)

，   (9)  It is a long time since I saw you last．
    It's been a long time since Isaw you last 這兩句話一樣，后一句是美國英語)

   (10)  Where are you?(在哪兒) Where have you been?(去了哪兒)

    2．一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

    (1) He works hard．(強(qiáng)調(diào)始終如一) He is working hard．(強(qiáng)調(diào)現(xiàn)在)

    (2) What do you do?(干什么工作的) What are you doing?(在干什么)

    (3) Here comes the bus!(表高興和欣慰) The bus is coming．(汽車到來的情景)

    (4) I forget his name．I'm forgetting his name．(差點(diǎn)把他的名字忘了)

    (5) You don't eat much．(強(qiáng)調(diào)胃口不大)
       You're not eating much．(你怎么不吃呀。)

    (6) The match starts at 7 0'clock．(比較固定，不宜改變)
       The match is starting at 7 0'clock．(可以改變)

    (7) Tom always comes late．Tom is always coming late．(表示不滿，責(zé)備)

    (8) Tom goes to college now．

       Tom is going to college now．(這兩句區(qū)別不大，后者更生動)

    (9) I tell you．(我可以告訴你。)
       I'm telling you．(我告訴你吧。有感情色彩)

    (10) He always sleeps in the afternoon．(強(qiáng)調(diào)下午睡覺)
        He is always sleeping in the afternoon．(后者意味著整個(gè)下午都睡覺了)

    (11) I expect you to phone me．(幾乎等于命令)
        I'm expecting you to phone me．(婉轉(zhuǎn))

    (12) What do you say?
        What are you saying?(你說些什么呀?表說話人驚訝，不滿)  

    (13) I find that the book is too difficult for me．(強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果)
        I'm finding that the book is too difficult for me．(強(qiáng)調(diào)過程，逐漸感到)

    (14) Apples cost more these days．(強(qiáng)調(diào)事實(shí))
        Apples are costing more these days．(越來越貴)

    (15) He always thinks of others．(強(qiáng)調(diào)事實(shí))
        He's always thinking of others．(表示贊揚(yáng))

    (16) Whenever I see him，he argues with somebody．(強(qiáng)調(diào)兩個(gè)動作有先后)
        Whenever I see him，he is arguing with somebody．(強(qiáng)調(diào)兩個(gè)動作同時(shí)進(jìn)行)

    (17) I hope you'll give us some advice．(語氣直白)
        I'm hoping you'll give us some advice．(表示語氣婉轉(zhuǎn))

    (18) I must go．(我應(yīng)該去。)
     I must be going．(我該走了。)

    (19) We can discuss this while we eat．(說話時(shí)沒用餐)
       We can discuss this while we are eating . (進(jìn)餐已開始)

    3．現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與過去一般時(shí)

    (1) I've seen him this morning(還在上午的時(shí)間里)
    I saw him this morning．(時(shí)間已過了上午)

    (2) Who's opened the window? (窗戶還在開著)
     Who opened the window? (與現(xiàn)在無關(guān)，窗戶可能已關(guān)上)

    (3) Have you ever heard him sing?(他可能不愛唱歌)
     Did you ever hear him sing?(你曾聽過他唱歌嗎?他可能是歌唱家)

    (4) Have you ever heard of such a thing?(你聽過這種事嗎?)
     Did you ever hear of such a thing?(這種事你聽說過嗎?這是一個(gè)修辭性問題，表
  表示驚異。

    (5)  What have I done to make you so angry? (對方仍生氣)
     What did I do to make you so angry? (暗示某一過去的時(shí)間，可能對方已不生
  氣了。

    (6)  How has he done? (他這活干得怎么樣?強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果)
      How did he do it?(他是怎么干這活的?強(qiáng)調(diào)干活的方式)

     (7) He has lived in NewYork for eight years．(他仍在紐約)
    He lived in NewYork for eight years．(他可能不在紐約了)

     (8)  He has been called a thinker．(強(qiáng)調(diào)事實(shí))
    He was called a thinker．(他曾被譽(yù)為思想家。)

     (9)  You've heard what I said．(你聽見我的話了。)
    You heard what I said．(你是聽見我的話的?？跉鈬?yán)厲，具有感情色彩)

     (10)  I've lost my pen．(筆還沒找到)
I lost my pen．(筆可能找到了)

     (11)  He has already been there．(曾去過那里)
     He was already there．(當(dāng)時(shí)在那里)

     (12)  Since I have been ill，my friend has visited me everyday. (生病還在延續(xù))
    Since I was ill，my friend has visited me everyday．(病已好了)

     (13)  Have you slept well?(暗示因疲倦休息后是否好些了)
     Did you sleep well?(暗示睡得是否舒服，滿意)

    4.過去完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)

    (1)  I came here after I finished middle schoo1．(兩個(gè)動作有間隔)
     I came here after I had finished middle schoo1．(兩個(gè)動作有間隔，強(qiáng)調(diào)先后概念)

    (2)  I waited till I saw him．
      I waited ti11 had seen him．(這兩個(gè)句子差別不大，過去完成時(shí)更普遍)

    (3)  We hoped he would come．(我們希望他來。)
     We had hoped he would come．(我們本希望他來的。)

    (4)  I don't think he sang as well as he once did．(指具體一次)
      I don't think he sang as well as he had once done．(泛指以前，現(xiàn)在可能不唱了)

    (5)  Before I came here，I was a soldier．(我來此以前在當(dāng)兵。)
      Before I came here，I had been a soldier．(我來此以前，曾當(dāng)過兵。)

    (6)  Jim said he didn't know he was so strong．(表示Jim在說話時(shí)仍很結(jié)實(shí))
      Jim said he didn't know he had been so strong．(表示在Jim說話之前曾經(jīng)很結(jié)實(shí))

    (7)  They were friends for many years．(表示現(xiàn)在還是朋友)
     Thev had been friends for many years．(意味這友誼結(jié)束了)

    (8)  He did the work at 6．(強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間)
      He had done the work at 6．(6點(diǎn)工作已做完)

    (9)  I learned French during my holiday．(強(qiáng)調(diào)學(xué)了)
      I had learned French during my holiday．(強(qiáng)調(diào)學(xué)會了)

    (10)  When she sang ,she sat down．(表示唱著坐下)
       When she had sung ,she sat down．(表示唱完坐下)

    (11)  I went to bed when I did my homework．(不明確)
         I went to bed when I had done my homework．(作業(yè)做完)

    (12)  I have lived here since I was a child．(從我長大成人)
         I have lived here since I had been a child．(從我孩提時(shí))

    5．過去進(jìn)行時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)
    (1) I read a book yesterday．(書已看完)
      I was reading a book yesterday．(書尚未看完)

    (2) The guests arrived．(客人已到。)
      The guests were arriving．(客人陸續(xù)到達(dá)。)

    (3) He woke from a dream．(表示全醒)
      He was waking from a dream．(表示初醒)

    (4) The o1d man died．(已死)
     The o1d man was dying．(要死)

    (5) John told me about it(告訴我了，我都知道了)
      John was telling me about it(跟我談起過，我想了解更多的事情)

    (6) They persuaded me to go along with them。(已經(jīng)說服)
      They were persuading me to go along with them．(還在勸說)

    (7)The wind blew hard all night．(強(qiáng)調(diào)事實(shí))
      The wind was blowing hard all night．(強(qiáng)調(diào)風(fēng)刮個(gè)不停)
    (8) I expected you．I was expecting you．(客氣，表示可能等了很久了)

    (9) He knocked at the door．(強(qiáng)調(diào)一次性)
      He was knocking at the door．(強(qiáng)調(diào)多次性)

    6．一般將來時(shí)與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

    (1) Will he come? Is he coming?(時(shí)間發(fā)生的比較近)

    (2) How long will you stay here?(表示意愿)
      How long will you be staying here?(表示打算)

    (3) She’ll have a baby．(表示肯定)
      She's going to have ababy．(表示推測，計(jì)劃)  
 ，
    (4)I’ll see him this evening．(表示意愿)
      I'm seeing him this evening．(表示打算，已有安排)

    7．一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)

    (1) Do you wish to see me?
    Did you wish to see me?(表示婉轉(zhuǎn)，客氣)

    (2) That's all I have to say．(我的話就這些。)
      That's all I had to say．(我要說的就這些。)

    (3) How do you like the film?(看電影過程中)
      How did you like the film?(看完電影后)

    (4) It is nice to see you．(見面時(shí)說)
       It was so nice to see you．(離別時(shí)說)

    (5) I never like him．(沒時(shí)間性)
      I never liked him．(從來沒喜歡過)

    (6) I think I know that voice．(沒見客人時(shí))
      I thought I know that voice．(見到客人時(shí)，證明自己正確或錯誤)

    (7) Who is that? (那人還在)
      Who was that?(人已不在場了)

    (8) This cake is made at home．(家里常做這種蛋糕)
      This cake was made at home．(這種蛋糕是自家做的。)

    8．現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
    (1) Someone has phoned you．(打了電話)
       Someone has been phoning you．(一直在打電話)

    (2) I've read the novel．(已讀完)
      I’ve been reading the novel．(還沒讀完)

    (3) He has lived here for six weeks．
      He has been living here for six weeks.（兩者區(qū)別不大，后者更強(qiáng)調(diào)過程和動態(tài)）

    (4）Have you met her lately?（強(qiáng)調(diào)事實(shí)） 
      Have you been meeting her lately?( (調(diào)動作的重復(fù)，經(jīng)常見面)

    (5) Who's eaten my apples?(蘋果沒有了)
      Who's been eating my apples?(有感情色彩，表示憤怒不滿) 
  ‘
    9．一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)與過去完成時(shí)

    (1) I hope that he'll come．(希望他能來)

      I had hoped he would come．(與事實(shí)相反。經(jīng)常這樣用的詞有expect，think，in•
tend，mean，suppose)    (環(huán)球網(wǎng)校資料,如需轉(zhuǎn)載請注明出處)