2018年自學考試《英語(一)》復習筆記(13)

2018年自學考試《英語(一)》復習筆記(13)

Text A　The Importance of Being Kind and Polite

“Frankly， I think you're boring.” Why do we seldom hear people speak so honestly?

本句翻譯：“公開跟你講，我覺得你很討厭。”為什么我們幾乎聽不到人們會這樣非常直來直去的講話呢?

seldom 很少，幾乎不

Unless you want to end a relationship， you don't tell another person what you think of her or him like this.

本句翻譯：除非你要終止與對方的關系，要不然你不會跟對方說出你對她或他有這種不好的想法。

unless (conj.)除非;如果不

For example： I shall go there unless it rains. 如果不下雨，我將去那里。

You will fail unless you work harder. 你若不更加努力，你就會失敗。

end (finish)結束

Failing to be impressed by a friend's collection of stamps， yawning when a golfer tells you about that great shot he made on the 14th hole， or falling asleep when friends show pictures from their last trip to Sault Ste. Marie are all things that educated people try not to do.

本句翻譯：對你的朋友集郵的成就無動于衷;當一個高爾夫球手興興高采烈地告訴你，他的第14穴打得很精彩時，你卻在打哈欠;當你的朋友們興致勃勃地給你看他們最近到蘇圣瑪麗去旅游拍下的那些照片時，你卻酣然入睡了——這一切都是有教養(yǎng)的人所盡力避免的。

三個并列的動名次短語做句子的主語failing to be impressed…， yawning…， falling asleep…

failing to be impressed 沒有記住…

yawning 打哈欠

falling asleep 睡覺

This is what manners are about： acting in a civilized way to avoid misunderstanding， friction， and conflict.

本句翻譯：一切行動都按市民能接受的懂禮貌的方式去做，避免誤會，避免磨擦，避免沖突——這才是合乎禮貌的言行舉止(注：高爾夫球，海外華人稱“穴”，國內稱“洞”——譯者注)。

manners 行為方式

in … way 以某種方式

There are no laws enforcing respect.

本句翻譯：根本就沒有強迫你來尊敬別人的那種法律。

Yet we cannot interact with others without some rules of behavior， rules that are set by some form of social consensus.

本句翻譯： 可是，如果沒有一定的道德行為的準則，人們互相間就無法交往了。這些準則是以社會上一致贊成的公德的形式確定下來的。

interact with others 彼此交流，彼此交往

without some rules… 相當于一個條件狀語從句的否定式

These guidelines represent what a majority of people consider acceptable and what they consider unacceptable.

本句翻譯： 這些道德行為準則代表著大多數(shù)人所能接受的和他們認為所不能接受的做法。

Rude people are those whose behavior shows little respect for the rules that the majority follow.

本句翻譯：那些行為舉止根本不尊重大多數(shù)人所遵守的規(guī)則的人都是粗野的人。

Show respect for 對…表示出尊重

follow 遵守，遵循

For instance， because they talk at home while the television is on， many people think they can talk at movies as well.

本句翻譯：例如，因為許多人在自己家里一邊看電視一邊高談闊論，他們就認為在電影院看電影時也可以高聲喧嘩。

for instance： for example 例如

on： go on 進行

They are not even aware that this habit will bother the other members of the audience.

本句翻譯：他們甚至沒意識到，這種習慣會使其他一些電影觀眾感到討厭。

be aware that：意識到

members of the audience 觀眾

member 成員

Restaurants have smoking and non-smoking sections， and most smokers are polite enough to ask， “Do you mind if I smoke?” before lighting up.

本句翻譯：飯店里都設有吸煙室和非吸煙區(qū)，大多數(shù)煙民在沒點著香煙之前，都會很有禮貌的問一聲在旁邊就座的人：“我吸煙的話，您介意嗎?”

non- 沒有，無

before lighting up 點燃

Restaurants should also have cellular-phone and no-cellular-phone sections.

本句翻譯：飯店里本來也都應該設有手提電話區(qū)和非手提電話區(qū)。

A new class of rude people has been born： the look-at-me phone users whose boring conversations are just as dangerous to our mental health as smoke is to our lungs.

本句翻譯：現(xiàn)在又冒出來一群新的粗野人，即看我有多神氣地打著手提電話的一族。這些人在電話上的那些無聊的談話，對我們心理健康的危害，和吸煙對我們的肺部健康的危害是同樣嚴重的。

class 階層，群體

look-at-me 看看我

Sometimes， it is better to remain unknown than to make people hate you.

本句翻譯：有時，做一個默默無聞的人倒比讓人恨你、討厭你更好一些。

There are many children and adolescents whose behavior is generally unacceptable.

本句翻譯：有很多人家的子女和一些小青年的行為是一般人所不能接受的。

They swear no matter who is around them， they listen to their Walkmans while the teacher is talking to them.

本句翻譯：他們動不動就開口罵人，也不管旁邊有什么人在場。在教師同他們談話時，他們還在聽他們的隨身聽所播放的節(jié)目。

no matter不管/不論(后可跟who， when， where， how 等疑問代詞或疑問副詞引導的從句)

For example： No matter who you are， you should follow the guideline. 不管你是誰，你都應當遵守這個規(guī)則。

I am bound to work out the problem no matter how difficult it is. 不管這個問題有多難，我一定要把它解決掉。

Indifferent parents who refuse to discipline their children are not helping them.

本句翻譯：凡是那些不能用行為道德準則來約束自己的孩子，對孩子的品德漠不關心的父母，其實并不是在愛護孩子，對孩子的成長沒好處。

discipline： punish 懲罰

Kids who have no idea what being polite means will pay the price sooner or later.

本句翻譯：凡是不懂禮貌為何物的孩子，是遲早要為此付出代價的。

kid 小孩子

have no idea： don't know 不知道

For example： He has no idea what his future will be. 他不知道自己的未來是個什么樣子。

pay the price 付出代價

For example： You will pay the price for what you have done. 你要為你所做的事情付出代價。

sooner or later 遲早

For example： If you drive like that， you will have an accident sooner or later. 你如果那樣開車，遲早會出事的。

When they join the work force， their employers and associates alike will soon realize that the behavior of these rude young people is closer to that of animals than civilized individuals.

本句翻譯：在他們參加工作以后，他們的雇主和在工作中與之打交道的那些人都會一致意識到這些粗野的青年人的所作所為都和野獸的行為很接近，而不像規(guī)規(guī)矩矩的市民。

associate： colleague 同事

close (to) (adv.)接近于，靠近

When they lose a few contracts because they talk with their mouth full， or when they say “Bob” to someone who should be “Mr.Johnson，” these grown-up kids， because of their ignorance， will never understand why others are getting ahead and they are not.

本句翻譯：當這些已經(jīng)變成了成人的大小伙子，因為跟領導談話時嘴里還嚼著食物，或者因為他們沒大沒小，把本應尊稱為“約翰遜先生”的人，隨便直呼其名為“鮑博”，這樣幾次被解除了合同之后，他們永遠也不能理解為什么別人都跑到自己前頭飛黃騰達，而自己卻不能。

they talk with 該句型結構為：with +(n.)+(a.)構成的獨立主格結構，在句中作狀語，表示伴隨。(名詞后除可用形容詞外，還可用分詞<現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞>、介詞短語和副詞。)

For example： He likes sleeping with his eyes open. 他喜歡睜著眼睛睡覺。

I won't be able to study abroad with my mother’s being ill. 在我母親生病的情況下我不能出國留學。

He worked with the radio opened all the afternoon. 他一下午都聽著收音機工作。

He was looking on with his hands in his pockets. 他把手插在口袋里在一旁觀看。即：袖手旁觀。

He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他穿著所有的衣服躺在床上。即：和衣而臥。

because of (介詞短語)= because (連詞)

For example： The football match was cancelled because of rain. 由于下雨足球比賽被取消了。

→The football match was cancelled because it rained.

get ahead 有進展;有進步;取得成功

For example： I'm happy to hear that you are getting ahead with your new work. 聽說你的新工作取得進展，我很高興。

grown-up 長大了的孩子

Every little bit of kindness helps.

本句翻譯：每當你表現(xiàn)出一點點和藹可親都會很有幫助。

little bit of 一點點

With manners， the best rule is the one that works.

本句翻譯：至于說有禮貌，最好的一條原則就是能辦成事，能起好作用。

work (v.)起作用，產生影響，行得通

For example： The medicine worked. 藥物奏效了。

It is easier to look and sound attractive when we are nice to other people.

本句翻譯：當我們對待別人很友善，那么就比較容易地讓人愿意接近你，愿意聽你的話。

be nice to sb. ： be kind to sb.

Being polite and showing respect can give us an edge.

本句翻譯：待人彬彬有禮，事事尊敬別人就能使我們占優(yōu)勢。

give sb. an/the edge 比…略勝一籌，領先

For example： He has the edge on the other students because he studies harder. 他比別的學生強，因為他學習更努力。

Why do we need an edge? Success in life often starts with a job we like， and since getting a job is usually based on making the right impression， it is always a good idea to be kind and polite.

本句翻譯：我們要占優(yōu)勢干什么?一個人一生事業(yè)的成功經(jīng)常是始于我們所喜歡的工作，而要得到自己所喜歡的工作，經(jīng)常要靠給人留下良好的印象。待人和藹可親彬彬有禮總是上策。

edge： advantage 優(yōu)勢

start with： begin with 由…開始

since 由于…

be base of 以…為基礎

make a impression 留下印象

makes the right impression (right 好的，正常的)

Vocabulary Exercises

Ⅰ。For each sentence， fill in the blank with the proper form or the words given at the beginning. Please pay attention to the part of speech of each word.

1. honest (誠實的) honesty(誠實) honestly(誠實地)

a. (Honesty) is the best policy.

本句翻譯：誠實是最重要的原則。

b. I didn't tell anyone， (honestly)， I didn’t.

本句翻譯：我沒有告訴任何人，坦白的說，我真的沒有。

c. To be (honest) with you， he often speaks evil of you behind your back.

本句翻譯：實話對你說，他經(jīng)常在你的背后說你的壞話。

2. understand (理解，明白) misunderstand(誤解) 　　misunderstanding(誤解)

a. I cannot (understand) why he shows no respect for the rules the majority follows.

本句翻譯：我不明白為什么他對于大多數(shù)人所遵守的那個規(guī)則從來都不尊重。

b. We should do everything possible to clear up the many (misunderstandings) between us.

本句翻譯：我們應當盡一切可能來清除我們之間的誤解。

c. He is not happy because his wife always (misunderstands) him.

本句翻譯：他過的并不開心因為他的夫人經(jīng)常會誤解他。

3. accept(接受) acceptable(能接受的) unacceptable(不能接受的)

a. She received a gift from him， but she didn't (accept) it.

本句翻譯：她收到男孩子給她的一份禮物，但是她沒有接受這份禮物。

b. He is angry with her because her words are totally (unacceptable)。

本句翻譯：男孩對于女孩非常憤怒，因為女孩所說的話令他完全不能接受。

c. If you think the plan is (acceptable)， you should do it according to the plan right now.

本句翻譯：如果你認為這個計劃是可行的，那么你就應當馬上根據(jù)這個計劃去實施。

right now 立刻，馬上

4. different (不同的) difference(不同) indifferent(冷漠的，不關心的)

a. I'm (indifferent) to whether you go or stay. To be honest with you， I don’t care.

本句翻譯：我對于你去還是留根本就不關心。老實對你說吧，我不在乎。

care 在意，在乎

b. There are big (differences) between the two languages.

本句翻譯：在這兩種語言之間有很大的區(qū)別。

c. She is wearing a (different) dress every time I see her.

本句翻譯：每次我見到她，她都穿著不同的服裝。

every time 每一次

5. employ (雇傭) employer(雇主) employment(職業(yè)，工作) employee(雇員)

a. The factory is going to (employ) 20 more workers.

本句翻譯：這家工廠準備再雇用20名工人。

b. He left his hometown to look for (employment) in a big city.

本句翻譯：他離開家鄉(xiāng)到大城市去尋求工作。

c. She has been working for the same (employer) for 20 years.

本句翻譯：她已經(jīng)為這個雇主工作了20年。

d. The total number of office (employees) almost doubled.

本句翻譯：這家公司總的員工的數(shù)目幾乎已經(jīng)翻一倍。

Ⅱ。 Fill in the following blanks with the words listed below in their proper forms.

1. He told me he didn't like that (boring) job.

本句翻譯：他告訴我說他不喜歡那份乏味的工作。

2. We'll need a few (guidelines) before we start this project.

本句翻譯：在沒開始這個項目之前我們需要有一些規(guī)則。

3. It is a great (kindness) for you to see me while I am sick.

本句翻譯：我生病的時候你來看我，你真是太好了。

→ It is greatly kind of you to see me while I am sick.

for sb. to do 對于某人來說做某事

4. Don't (bother) you father， he is busy at working .

本句翻譯：不要打擾你的父親，他在忙于工作。

5. The old man told her how to get there although she wasn't very (polite) to him.

be polite to sb. 對某人彬彬有禮

本句翻譯：雖然這個女孩對老人不是太有禮貌，但是老人仍然告訴她如何到達那里。

6. (Frankly) speaking， I don't think the plan will work.

本句翻譯：坦率地說，我覺得那個計劃行不通。

7. His speech left a deep (impression) on us.

Leave/make an impression on sb. 給某人留下印象

本句翻譯：他的講話給我們留下了很深的印象。

8. I (swear) that I will tell you everything some day.

本句翻譯：我發(fā)誓有一天我會把一切事情都告訴你。

9. Everyone praises the children's good (behavior)。

本句翻譯：每個人都表揚了孩子的良好行為。

10. It's (rude) to point at people when you are talking with them.

point at sb. 指著…

本句翻譯：當你和其他人談話的時候你去指著別人這是不禮貌的。

Text B　Why We Walk in Circles

in 以什么樣的方式

“Pin the Tail on the Donkey” is always fun when you're watching rather than pinning.

本句翻譯：觀看別人做“去把尾巴給毛驢安上”的游戲，比自己親自去做更逗人。

pin (v.)用圖釘釘

rather than 而不是…

donkey 驢

as stubborn as donkey

It is somewhat surprising to see how the blindfolded performers act.

本句翻譯：看到了被蒙住眼睛的參加游戲表演的人所走的路線著實有點兒讓人吃驚。

somewhat 有一點兒

1. It is +(a.)+(for sb.)<有時可省略掉> to do

For example： It is difficult to have a good job if you don't study hard to create opportunities.如果你不努力學習創(chuàng)造機會的話，有一份好的工作是很難的。

Instead of going straight， they always wander off to one side or the other. The greater the distance to the donkey， the farther they go astray.

本句翻譯：他們都不走直線，總是要由一邊偏離到另一邊。參加游戲比賽的人距離毛驢越遠，他們偏離目標毛驢也越遠。

2. instead of /instead

wander off 徘徊，游離

Have you ever wondered why they are unable to walk straight ahead?

本句翻譯：你有沒有想過為什么他們不能夠徑直向前行呢?

wonder 迷惑，疑惑

It is a well-known fact that a person will move in a circle when he cannot use his eyes to control his direction.

本句翻譯：一個人若不用眼睛來掌握走路的方向，就會走成一個大圈。這一事實是眾所周知的。

Dark nights， dense fogs， blinding snowstorms， thick forests - all these can keep a traveler from seeing where he is going.

本句翻譯：每遇到漆黑的夜晚，濃濃的大霧，伸手不見五指的暴風雪，濃密森林——這一切都會使路上的行人看不見是在往哪個方向走。

thick forests 茂密的森林

3. keep … from … 阻止，防止，阻礙

protect from

prevent from

其中的“from”多有“使…不能”的意思

(1)keep sb from sth/doing使某人不能做某事

(2)keep oneself from doing克制自己不要去做某事

For example： The church bells keep me from sleeping. 教堂的鐘聲吵得我睡不著覺。

She could hardly keep (herself) from laughing. 她忍不住大笑起來。

Then he is unable to move in any fixed direction， but walks in circles.

本句翻譯：這時他就不能按既定的目標前進，只能走成一個大圓圈。

4. in…direction 朝…方向

Animals act the same way.

本句翻譯：動物也會這樣。

fixed固定的，既定了的

You have probably heard the saying “running around like a chicken with its head cut off.”

本句翻譯：你也許聽過這樣一句老話：“像砍掉腦袋的雞一樣轉著圈跑。”

with +(n.)+V的過去分詞構成的獨立結構，在句中作狀語。

Well， a chicken with its head cut off actually does run around in circles. Blind birds fly in circles. And a blindfolded dog will swim in circles.

本句翻譯：是的，一只被砍掉了腦袋的雞確實會轉著圈跑的。瞎了眼睛的鳥也都是轉著圈飛的。一雙被蒙住了眼睛的狗也會轉著大圈游泳。

A Norwegian biologist， F.O.Guldberg， decided that this problem of circular movement was worth investigating. He collected many true stories on the subject.

本句翻譯：一位挪威的生物學家哥爾柏格認為繞圈運動的問題確實值得調查研究。關于這一課題他匯集了很多實際事例。

worth 值得

be worth doing 值得做某事

For example： The textbook is worth reading again and again. 課本值得一讀再讀。

On the subject ：on關于

5. be worth + v.ing

One of his stories is about people rowing on a lake during a fog on a dark night.

本句翻譯：他匯集的實例之一就是在一個濃霧黑夜里，人們在湖面上劃船。

during 在一段時間里

One group of rowers who tried to cross three miles of water in foggy weather never succeeded in reaching their goal.

本句翻譯：在大霧的天氣里，一幫想要橫渡三英里的水面的劃船手永遠也不能成功地劃到他們的目的地。

cross 橫穿

6. succeed in 成功做了一件事情→(反義)fail to do

Without knowing it， they rowed in two large circles. When they finally got to the shore， they discovered that they were at the spot they had started from.

本句翻譯：不知不覺地，他們都把船劃行路線劃成兩個大圈。在他們上個岸后，才發(fā)現(xiàn)又劃回到了他們原來出發(fā)的地點。

without knowing 不知不覺地

shore 河岸，海岸線

After studying many stories such as this， Professor Guldberg wrote an article in which he discussed “Circular Motion is the Basic Motion of Animals.”

本句翻譯：在研究過很多諸如此類的實際經(jīng)歷之后，哥爾柏格教授寫了一篇題為《動物的基本運動模式是圓周運動》的論文。

study 研究

A simple example will help you to understand his explanation of why we walk in circles.

本句翻譯：一個很簡單的例子，就可以幫助你弄明白他的論點：為什么我們會走成兩個大圓圈。

Have you ever wound up a toy automobile and started it off across the floor?

本句翻譯：你有沒有把一輛玩具汽車上好發(fā)條以后，把它放到地板上讓它從頭跑到那頭的經(jīng)歷?

7. wind up給…上發(fā)條

Then you know that it will rarely travel in a straight path. It will travel， instead， in some kind of arc， or curve.

本句翻譯：那么，你就會知道小汽車幾乎很少順著直線跑，而是以弧線或者曲線的方式前行。

If it is to travel in a straight line， the wheels on both sides have to be of exactly equal size.

本句翻譯：如果你想要這輛小汽車以直線的方式前行的話，那么小汽車兩側的輪子就必須是同等大小。

equal 相等

If they are not， the little automobile turns toward the side with the smaller wheels.

本句翻譯：車兩側的輪子，如果它們大小不是相等的話那么這個小汽車將會轉向輪子更小的那一側。

Circular movement in walking is caused in much the same way.

本句翻譯：步行時繞大圓運動的規(guī)律在很大程度上是由同一原理引起的。

cause 導致

in … way 以什么樣的方式

7. much the same 不完全相同，差不多一樣，幾乎一樣

For example： He is living condition is much the same as that five years ago.他現(xiàn)在生活狀況和五年前差不多沒有什么變化。

Usually a man walking will “watch his step” and “look where he is going.”

本句翻譯：通常一個人走路時會看著腳下所踩的步子，會看著所要去的方向。

watch his step (口語化的說法)注意腳下

look where he is going 看著前方

a man walking

(1)通常情況下，單個的分詞作定語的在名詞的前面;分詞短語放在被修飾的名詞之后。

For example： He often helps his working wife at home. 他在家中經(jīng)常幫助他工作的妻子。

Who is the lady standing by the door? 站在門口的那位女士是誰?

(2)有時，單個的分詞放在名詞后作定語，具有較強的動詞意義，其作用相當于一個從句。

For example： Atomic energy is the greatest source of energy existing. 原子能是現(xiàn)存的最大的能源。

They decided to change the material used. 他們決定改變所用的材料。

He needs his senses， especially his eyes， to get to the point he intends to reach.

本句翻譯：一個人需要用他們的各種器官，特別是要用兩只眼睛，才能走到他打算要去的地點。

8. intend to do 想要/打算/計劃做某事

For example： What do you intend to do today? I intend to go out for a walk. 你打算今天做什么?我今天打算出去散步。

When he cannot use his eyes to guide his steps， he will walk straight only if he takes a step of the same length with each foot.

本句翻譯：只有當一個人的兩只腳所邁出的每一步的長短都完全相同時，這個人才可以不用眼睛來引導腳步而能夠順著一條直線往前走。

In most people， however， muscle development is not the same in both legs， so that it is probable that the steps will be uneven.

本句翻譯：但是，在絕大多數(shù)人左右兩腿肌肉的發(fā)育并不是一樣的，結果很可能左右兩腳所邁的步子長短是不一致的。

so that 因此…引導是結果狀語從句

The difference may be so small that no one is aware of it. But small as it is， it can cause circular movement.

本句翻譯：邁步子長短的差距是非常小的，以致于沒有人會意識到這一微小的差距。盡管這個差距很小，但結果卻導致了圓周運動。

9. as / as though

small as it is “是as/as though 引導的讓步狀語從句，此時從句應倒裝(部分倒裝)，其結構為”形容詞/名詞/動詞)+as (though)+主+謂

(a.)(n.)(v.)+as/as though + s + v

For example： Pretty as she is， she is not clever.她雖然很漂亮但是不聰明。

Child as he is， he has to make a living.雖然他是一個孩子，但是他必須去謀生。

Try as he would， he might fail again.盡管還有可能再試著去做，但是他還是有可能失敗。

注：若從句的表語是n.，其名詞前不加任何冠詞。

Let us suppose that a man's left foot takes a step 20 inches long and that his right foot takes a step 30 inches long.

本句翻譯：我們假定某一人的左腳邁一步是20英寸長，右腳邁一步是30英寸長。

Now suppose he takes ten step - five with his left foot and five with his right.

本句翻譯：現(xiàn)在假設這個人邁了十步——左腳邁五步，右腳也邁五步。

His left foot will travel 100 inches. His right foot will travel 150 inches.

本句翻譯：他的左腳總共走了100英寸，他的右腳總共走了150英寸。

travel 運行，前行

This sounds impossible. One foot cannot remain 50 inches behind the other.

本句翻譯：這聽起來讓人覺得不可能。因為一只腳不可能落后于另一只腳五十英寸。

What really happens?

本句翻譯：到底是怎么回事呢?

At each step the man turns a little bit to the left.

本句翻譯：每邁一步這個人就稍微向左轉了一點點。

Sooner or later he makes a complete circle.

本句翻譯：遲早，他會走成一個大圓圈。

The tracks of his feet， however， make two circles， one inside the other.

本句翻譯：于是他的兩只腳所走過軌跡就形成了兩個圓圈，一個圓圈在另一的內部。

track 足跡，腳印

His left foot makes the smaller circle because it is taking larger steps.

本句翻譯：他的左腳所走的圈比較小，因為右腳的每一步都大一點。

This is why a person may walk in an arc when he sets out in a straight line.

本句翻譯：這就是一個人在出發(fā)時本來是想走的直線，結果卻走成了一條弧線的原因。

The muscles of a man's arms are no more identical than the muscles of his legs.

本句翻譯：一個人的兩只胳膊肌肉的發(fā)育和他的兩只腿的肌肉的發(fā)育也是不同的。